Karotenoid

Karotenoid. Karotenoid dibagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu Karoten yaitu merupakan hidrokarbon dan turunannya yang terdiri dari beberapa senyawa karotenoid Xantofil yaitu karotenoid yang mengandung gugus hidroksil misalnya lutein rubixantin Kandungan pada keduanya adalah 40 karbon aktif yang terdiri dari 8 unit isopren.

Dietary carotenoids are thought to provide health benefits in decreasing the risk of disease particularly certain cancers and eye disease The carotenoids that have been most studied in this regard are betacarotene lycopene lutein and zeaxanthin In part the beneficial effects of carotenoids a Author Elizabeth J JohnsonCited by Publish Year 2002.

The role of carotenoids in human health PubMed

These compounds play an important role in plant health Carotenoids are a class of plant chemicals and are found in the cells of a wide variety of plants They have an important antioxidant function of deactivating free radicals LCHRMS has been used for the analysis of carotenoids from various plants [12646571].

Carotenoid Wikipedia

The structure of carotenoids allows for biological abilities including photosynthesis photoprotection plant coloration and cell signaling The general structure of the carotenoid is a polyene chain consisting of 911 double bonds and possibly terminating in rings.

What Are Carotenoids? Live Science

Carotenoids are pigments in plants algae and photosynthetic bacteria These pigments produce the bright yellow red and orange colors in plants vegetables and fruits Carotenoids act as a Author Kiara Anthony.

Karotenoidler Karotenoidler Fotosentetik Bitkiler Ve Hayvan Dokularnda Bulunurlar

BiologyHealthProductionTypesClassificationResearchAvailabilityChemistryEffectsRisksVarietiesUsesCharacteristicsPharmacologyBenefitsPreventionCarotenoids are a class of phytonutrients (\\”plant chemicals\\”) and are found in the cells of a wide variety of plants algae and bacteria They help plants absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis They also have an important antioxidant function of deactivating free radicals single oxygen atoms that can damage cells by reacting with other molecules according to the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University Carotenoids also act as antioxidants in the human body They have strong cancerfighting properties according to the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Some carotenoids are converted by the body to vitamin A which is essential to vision and normal growth and development Carotenoids also have antiinflammatory and immune system benefits and are sometimes associated with cardiovascular disease prevention Animals cannot manufacture carotenoids themselves they have to get it in their diets Carotenoids need to be consumed with a fat in order for the body to absorb them According to the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University carotenoids need to leave the food they came in and become part of mixed micelles which are combinations of bile salts and lipids The presence of a fat makes this process possible There are more than 600 types of carotenoids The most common ones in the Western diet and the most studied are alphacarotene betacarotene betacryptoxanthin lutein zeaxanthin and lycopene according to the Linus Pauling Institute There are two broad classifications of carotenoids carotenes and xanthophylls said Premkumar The difference between the two groups is chemical xanthophylls contain oxygen while carotenes are hydrocarbons and do not contain oxygen Also the two absorb different wavelengths of light during a plants photosynthesis process so xanthophylls are more yellow while carotenes are orange Nutritionally there is another potentially more useful grouping of carotenoids provitamin A and nonprovitamin A Provitamin A carotenoids can be turned into vitamin A (retinol) in the intestine or liver Vitamin A is an important component to human health It helps maintain eye health healthy mucus membranes and immunity Alphacarotene betacarotene and betacryptoxanthin are provitamin A carotenoids lutein zeaxanthin and lycopene are not Lutein and zeaxanthin are likely effective in agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) a leading cause of blindness said Premkumar A sixyear study from the National Eye Institute concluded that lutein reduces the risk of AMD It has been shown to reduce the incidence of cataract (lens opacity) and light sensitivity if consumed in adequate quantities on a daily basis Some studies have shown that betacryptoxanthin may be effective in preventing lung cancer In an analysis of several studies from North America and Europe published in Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention researchers found that participants who consumed the most betacryptoxanthin had a 24 percent lower chance of developing lung cancer than those with the lowest consumption In a largescale study conducted in the Netherlands and also published in Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention researchers found that though all carotenoids were measured for their relationship to lung cancer risk only betacryptoxanthin lutein and zeaxanthin were associated with reduced cancer risk Betacryptoxanthin may be helpful in reducing the risk of inflammatory polyarthritis which includes rheumatoid arthritis Scientists suspect this is because its antioxidant abilities can reduce chronic inflammation In a largescale European study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition researchers found that participants who developed inflammatory polyarthritis had 40 percent less betacrytpxanthin than those who did not Participants who consumed the most betacryptoxanthin were significantly less likely to develop inflammatory polyarthritis The researchers advised that a modest increase in betacryptoxanthin such as a glass of orange juice a day could be helpful in preventing arthritis Betacarotene may help protect against sunburn according to a metaanalysis published in Photochemistry and Photobiology The researchers looked at several studies and found that participants who took betacarotene supplements for 10 weeks had lower rates of sunburn For each month of additional supplementation the protection level increased Lutein is also available through enriched eggs A study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that lutein from enriched eggs was absorbed better than lutein from spinach or supplements Betacryptoxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid that is also provitamin A It can be a source of vitamin A but it produces half as much as betacarotene Premkumar listed papaya mango and oranges as good sources of it Betacryptoxanthin is typically found in yellow foods such as corn and bell peppers and is present in yellowcolored dairy products such as egg yolks and butter Of the provitamin A carotenoids betacarotene is the most powerful when it comes to turning into vitamin A twice as much betacarotene becomes vitamin A than does alphacarotene or betacryptoxanthin Betacarotene was the first and is the most widely studied of the carotenoids It seems to be capable of both positive and negative effects especially for smokers taking it as a supplement Two studies of showed that smokers and former asbestos workers who took beta carotene supplements increased their risk of lung cancer according to the Linus Pauling Institute Doctors currently advise smokers not to take betacarotene supplements Large amounts of betacarotene from food however do not seem to carry this risk the worst they can do is temporarily turn your skin orange according to the National Institutes of Health Cantaloupe mangoes papaya carrots sweet potatoes spinach kale and pumpkin are good sources of betacarotene said Premkumar Betacarotene gives orange foods their color in fact the word carotene comes from the Latin word for carrot Alphacarotene produces half the vitamin A that betacarotene does Alphacarotene is found in similar foods to betacarotene and is often studied in conjunction with that carotenoid though it is rarer and less wellunderstood Recently scientists have been paying more attention to alphacarotene and have found some potential longevity benefits in addition to the vitamin A goodness alphacarotene can provide Lycopene is a bright red pigment responsible for the color of watermelons tomatoes guavas and grapefruit Other good sources include papaya carrots asparagus red cabbage red bell peppers and parsley The lycopene in tomatoes is absorbed much more easily if the tomatoes are cooked according to the Linus Pauling Institute Lycopene can act as a potent antioxidant said Premkumar In a test tube study published in Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics researchers found that of all the carotenoids lycopene was most effective at deactivating singlet oxygen (a harmful free radical) This may be because lycopene has a unique molecule shape that is highly effective in deactivating free radicals Lycopene may promote bone health and help prevent the development of osteoporosis said Premkumar A study published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research found that participants with higher levels of lycopene in their blood were less likely to experience hip or nonvertebral fracture Furthermore a study published in Osteoporosis International found that postmenopausal women who added lycopene to their diets for four months saw decreased bone resorption (breakdown of bones) as well as increased antioxidant activity and decreased oxidative stress markers (abnormal free radical levels) Additionally lycopene may decrease stroke risk at least in men According to a 12year study published in Neurology middleage men with the highest levels of lycopene in their blood had a 55 percent reduced rate of any kind of stroke They had a 59 percent reduced rate of strokes from blood clots the most common kind Author Jessie Szalay.